kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopapd; njhd;ikAk; njhy;ypaYk;

fp.K %d;whk; E}w;whz;L Kjyhf fp.gp ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L tiu njd;dhrpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; vy;yhk; gpuhkp vDk; tiff;Fupa tuptbtq;fspy; vOjg;gl;ld. jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpa vOj;JKiw jkpo;g;gpuhkp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. mjpNy jkpOf;Fr; rpwg;ghd vOj;Jf;fs; mike;Js;sjhy; mJ mt;thW nrhy;yg;gLk;. gpuhfpUjj;jpy; ,y;yhjdTk; jkpo; nkhopf;Nf rpwg;ghditAkhd o>s>w>d vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fs; jkpo;g; gpuhkpapy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;. ,t;ntOj;Jf;Fupa xypg; ngWkhdq;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt mtw;Wf;F tuptbtk; nfhLf;Fk; rpwg;ghd ,t;ntOj;Jf;fisj; jkpofj;jpy; cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.

,g;nghOJ tof;fpYs;s jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> rpq;fsk;> `pe;jp> tq;fsp> kuhj;jp Kjypa njd;dhrpa nkhopfspy; vOjg;gLk; vOj;J Kiwfs; ahTk; gpuhfpUj tuptbtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. ,JNghd;w  xU tsu;r;rp INuhg;ghtpYk; Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R nkhop> ,j;jhypa nkhop> ];ghdpa nkhop> N[u;kdpa nkhop Kjyhdtw;wpd; vOj;J Kiwfs; cNuhkpd; tuptbtq;fis Mjhuhkhff; nfhz;L tsu;r;rp ngw;wit.

gpuhkp NtW> gpuhfpUjk; NtW vd;w Gupe;Jzu;T mtrpakhdJ> rpy rkaq;fspy; cau;ju khztu; rpyupilNa ,it njhlu;ghf xU kdf;Fog;gk; Vw;gLtJz;L. gpuhkp vd;gJ Kd;Nd ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;lthW xU tuptbt tifahdJ> Mdhw; gpuhfpUjk; vd;gJ xU nkhop: mJ njd;dhrpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; xU tiuaiwahd fhyg;gFjpapNy njhlu;G nkhopahf tpsq;fpaJ. mJ tl ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; gytw;wpNy Ngr;Rtof;fhd nkhop. Gj;jgpuhd;> kfhtPuu; MfpNahupd; fhyq;fspYk; mJ toq;fpaJ. vdNt> rkzk;> ngsj;jk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; midj;Jk; mk;nkhopapy; mike;Js;sd.

gpuhfpUj nkhopapNy gpuhe;jpa tof;;fpd mbg;gilapy; gy gpupTfs; ,Ue;jd. mtw;Ws; mu;j;jkhfjp>nrsuNrdp> kfhuh\;l;up> igrh[p vDk; ehd;F tifg; gpuhfpUjq;fisg; gw;wpr; rpy E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Mjpahd rkz> ngsj;j E}y;fs; mu;j;jkhfjp  vDk; tifapDs; mlq;Fk;. ,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy;> Me;jpuk;> fu;ehlfk;> jkpofk;> <ok; Kjypa Njrq;fspNy gpuhfpUjk; xU njhlu;G nkhopahfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J nrd;w tzpfUk;> rkz> ngsj;j rq;fj;jhUk; mq;nfy;yhk; gpuhfpUj nkhopapid mwpKfQ; nra;jdu;. mq;;Fs;s nkhopfspw; gpuhfpUjk; ngUQ; nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;jpaJ. MapDk; <ok; jtpu;e;j Njrq;fspNy gpuhfpUjj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; mq;F epytpa Mjpahd nkhopfs; mope;Jtpltpy;iy. mit mjdhy; tYTk; tsKk; ngw;wd vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. fp.gp ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;lstpNy njhlu;G nkhop vd;w epiyapidg; gpuhfpUjk; ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. mjdplj;ijr; rk];fpUjk; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.

gpuhkpf;Fk; gpuhfpUjj;Jf;Fk; xU neUq;fpa njhlu;Gz;L. mJ gpuhfpUj nkhopr; rhrdq;fs; gpuhkp tuptbtq;fspy; vOjg;gl;likahFk;. njd;dhrpahtpNy> nkh`Q;rjhNuh> `ug;gh gz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpw;gl;l Afj;Jf;Fupa Mjpahd Mtzq;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; cs;sd. mit gpuhkp tuptbtq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j Mtzq;fSk; fy;ypy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fshFk;. gpuhfpUjk; njhlu;Gnkhop  vd;w epiyapid ,oe;Jk; gpuhkpAk; cUkhwp tl ,e;jpahtpNy Njtehfuk; vd tsu;r;rp ngw;Wtpl;lJ.

,yq;ifapw; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

,yq;ifapw; ngUe;njhifahs gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit ngUk;ghYk; kiyfspYk;> ngUq;fw; ghiwfspYk; mike;Js;s Fifj;jsq;fspYk; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspNy jiuapyike;j  ngUq;fw;ghiwfspw; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik xU rpwg;gk;rkhFk; kl;lf;fsg;gpNy nrq;fybf;F Nkw;Fg;Gwkhf Rkhu; ehd;F fpNyhkPw;wu; J}uj;jpYs;s fhad;Flh vDk; ,lj;jpYs;s kpf ePskhd rhrdKk;> mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy;> mk;ghiw tPjpapd; Xukhf mike;Js;s gontsp vDk; fpuhkj;jpd; vy;iyg;Gwj;Nj fhl;bDs; fhzg;gLk; rhrdq;fSk; mj;jifadthFk;. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Nfhwisg;gw;wpNy> tay;ntspfspYk; rpy ghiwfspy; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; rpy nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf rpyu; nrhd;dhu;fs;. mj;jifa fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Mjpapy; tay;fis cUthf;fp mtw;iw cilikahf;fpf; nfhz;ltu;fspd; ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; $Lk;.

,yq;ifapy; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;;Ls;sd. mtw;Wl; nghUk;ghyhdit mstpw; rpwpait. mtw;Wl; kpfg; ngUk;ghyhdit ngsj;j rkar; rhu;Gilait: Fifj; jsq;fspy; mike;jit. mit jhdr; rhrdq;fs;. ngsj;j rq;fj;jhUf;F Fiffis ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaik gw;wpait. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ngsj;j rkak; ,yq;ifapw; gutpanghOJ> Gj;jgpuhd; mikj;j tpjpfSf;Nfw;gr; rq;fj;jhu;> FbapUg;Gf;fSf;Fr; rw;Wj; J}uj;jpNy tho tpUk;gpdu;. mjdhy; kiyabthuwq;fspy; ,ay;ghf mike;j Fiffspy; tho;e;jdu;. Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;l rq;fj;jhu; ,y;tho;Nthuhfh cghrfq;fspNy jq;fpapUf;f Neu;e;jJ. czT> cil> ciwtplk;> kUe;J Mfpatw;iwr; rq;fj;jhUf;F toq;FtJ cghrfupd; jiyahd jUkq;fnsd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,yq;ifapYs;s ntt;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;w gy;ypd kf;fspilNa ngsj;jk; gutpanghOJ> ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspYk; tho;e;j kf;fs; rq;fj;jhUf;F Fiffis ,Ug;gplq;fshf toq;fpdu;.rq;fj;jhUf;Fj; jhdk; toq;FtJ xU Gz;zpa fUkkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

nghJthf ,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;W E}y;fSk; Fwpg;ghf mur jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; ghlE}y;fSk; ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;jk; gutpatw;iw mwptpay; G+u;tkhf tpsf;Ftjpy;iy. ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; Fwpg;ghf khfhtk;rj;ij kl;Lk; Mjhukhff;nfhz;L vOJtNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. ,uhrjhdpia ikakhff;nfhz;L> Fwpg;ghf mq;fpUe;j kd;du;fs; fhy tsu;r;rpfis tupirf; fpukkhff; $WtNj me;E}ypd; ,ay;ghFk;. kfpe;j Njuu; ,yq;iff;F te;jJ> Njtek;gpajPrd; fhyj;jpy;> ngsj;j rhrdj;ij cUthf;fpaik> gpd;G mDuhjGug; nghUk;gs;spfspy; Vw;gl;l rq;fNgjq;fs;> mtw;wpNy muru;fs; jiyapl;L epiyikia NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fpaik Nghd;w tplaq;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jk; tpguq;fNs kfhtk;rk; Kjyhd ghsp E}y;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thW ngsj;j rkak; ,yq;if thrpfspilNa gutpaJ? mij mtu;fs; ve;jstpw;F xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;fs;? ngsj;jk; gutpa fhyj;jpy; vt;thwhd r%fq;fs; tho;e;jd? mtu;fs; vt;tpjkhd nkhopfisg; Ngrpdhu;fs;? vd;w Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd tpdhf;fSf;F kfhtk;rk; %yk; tpilfhz;gJ rhyhf;fhupak;. fy;Y}upfspYs;s tuyhw;whrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSf;fhd ghlE}yhrpupau;fSk; ,j;jifa tpdhf;fisg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy.

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %ykhfNt ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l tpdhf;fSf;F tpil fhzKbAk;. Vwf;Fiwa> MW E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fupa 2000 gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwg; gw;wp NkNyhl;lkhd Ma;TfSk;> Fwpg;Giufis vOJk; Kaw;rpfSk; Vwf;Fiwa xU E}w;whz;Lfhy tuyhw;Wilad. mtw;iwg; Gjpjhfg; gbnaLj;J> thrpj;J mtw;wpd; thrfq;fis ,U njhFjpfshf Nrduj; guztpjhd nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ntspapl;lhu;. ,U Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghLfis typAWj;Jk; tifapy; guztpjhd jdJ gzpia epiwNtw;wpdhu;. mtw;wpnyhd;W ,f; fy;ntl;Lf;fnsy;yhk; Mjpahd rpq;fs nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lit vd;gJ. MapDk; rhrdq;fspy; tUk; nrhw;fis tprpj;jpukhd Kiwapy; rk];fpUj nkhop ,yf;fz kuGfSf;Nfw;g tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. rpq;fsk; rk];fpUjj;jpypUe;J Neubahfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy mJ gpuhfpUjk; %ykhfNt tsu;r;rpngw;wJ vd;gij mtu; VNj fhuzj;jpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jj; jtwptpl;lhu;. rk];fpUj nkhop tuyhw;wpy; tiuaiwahd ,U NtW fhyfl;lq;fs; cz;L. mtw;wpNy Kw;gl;lJ Ntjq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; nkhop tof;F. mJ Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;lstpNy tof;fw;Wtpl;lJ. ,uz;lhq; fhy fl;lj;Jf;Fupa rk];fpUjk; mbg;gilapy; xU ,yf;fpa nkhopahFk;. mJ xU Mtz nkhopahfTk; Nghjdh nkhopahfTk;> njhlu;G nkhopahfTk; <ok; jtpu;e;j njd;dhrpa ehLfspy; toq;fpaJ. ,yq;ifapy; vtUk; rk];fpUjj;ijg; Ngrtpy;iy. vdNt> gpukpr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fs; ahtw;iwAk; rk];fpUj nkhopapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsf;FtJ nghUj;jkw;wJ. guztpjhd mt;thW nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzk; rpq;fstupd; %jhijau; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;J FbNawpa Mupaupd; tk;rhtopapdu; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;. tpa[d;> ghz;LthRNjtd; gw;wpa fijfNs me;j ek;gpf;iff;F Mjhukhdit> [hjff; fijfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gidag; ngw;wit vd;gij G.C nkz;b]; njspTgLj;jpAs;shu;. 

,yq;ifapw; ngsj;jk; gutpa fhyj;jpNy g+u;tPf Fbfshd af;fUk;> ehfUk; tho;e;jd nud;W kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; gy ehfiug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. MapDk; guztpjhdtpd; rpe;jidapw;  G+u;t Fbfs; vd;W kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLk; ehfu; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;J FbNawpa Mupaupd; tk;rhtopapduhfptpLfpd;wdu;. ,J xU tpNdhjk;. ,ij tuyhnwd;W khztu;fSf;F ,e; E}w;whz;bYk; Nghjpf;fpd;wik mjpYk; tpNdhjkhdJ.

gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; nkhopeilAk; nrhy;tsKk; fu;ehlfk;> njYq;F Njrk; vd;gtw;wpYs;s rkfhyj;Jg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; cs;stw;iwg; Nghd;wJ.  vdNt> ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nkhop rpq;fsk; vd;W xg;Gf;nfhz;lhy; njd;dpe;jpag; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspd; nkhop Mjpr; rpq;fskhfptpLk;. guztpjhdtpd; tpsf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthfpa ,yq;ifapd; tuyhW kfhtk;r kugpw;F xt;thj Gidfijfshfp tpl;ld. kfhtk;rj;jpy; ve;jNthu; ,lj;jpYk; ,yq;if thrpfspy; ve;jg; gpuptpdUk; Mupau; vd;W Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vd;gJ ftdj;jpw;FupajhFk;.

,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspNy jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Mupa mNgrpq;f> rj;jhkq;fs fUzhuj;d Nghd;w rhrdtpay; Ma;thsu;fs; cjhuzq;fNshL tpsf;fpAs;sdu;.

MapDk; ,yq;ifapd; njhy;nghUl; jpizf;fsj;jpd; mjpguhfTk;> gd;nkhopg; gz;bjuhfTk; rhrdtpayhsu; vd;wtifapy; jkpo;g; gpuhkp tuptbtq;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;wpUf;ff;$batUkhd Nrduj; guztpjhd jhd; gjpTnra;J ,U njhFjpfshf ntspapl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; gytw;wpNy jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghOjpYk; mtw;iwg; gw;wpa tpguq;fis kiwj;JtpLfpd;whu;. KjyhtJ njhFjpapNy mlq;fpa rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jf;fisf; fhytiuaiw mbg;gilapw; gl;baypl;L epuw;gLj;jpAs;shu;. mtUila gl;baypNy w>d>o>s Mfpa jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J jw;nrayhf Vw;gl;l jtnwd;W nfhs;stpayhJ. mtUila Ma;Tnewp Kiwapy; epjhdk; vd;gJ ifeOtp tpl;likf;F ,J ey;yNjhu; rhd;whFk;.

,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; jkpo;g; gpuhkpapd; nry;thf;fpdhy; Vw;gl;l NtnwhU gpujhdkhd mk;rKk; cz;L. jkpo;g; gpuhkpapYk; mNrhfg; gpuhkpapYk; m><>k vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fs; ntt;NtW tpjkhfNt vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,uz;L tifahd vOj;Jf;fSk; ,yq;ifapw; gpuhkp tuptbtKiw tof;fw;Wg; NghFk; tiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;ik ftdpf;fNtz;ba xU gpujhd mk;rkhFk;. ,U NtW nkhopfshd jkpo;> gpuhfpUjk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fupa tuptbtq;fs; ,yq;ifr; rhrdq;fspy; MjpNahL me;jk; tiu fhzg;gl;lik mt;tpU nkhopfSk; ,r; rhrdq;fs; vOjg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; toq;fpte;jikf;Fupa milahsq;fshFk;.

,t;tplj;jpNy Nguhrpupau; fh. ,e;jpughyh Fwpg;gpLtdtw;iwf; ftdpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ>

“gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tUk; nrhw;fshfpa kUkfd> gUkf> Nts> ma Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,e;J Mupar; nrhw;fs; (mjhtJ gpuhfpUjr; nrhw;fs;) vdf; nfhs;sKbahjit vdyhk;. mNjNghy;> guj Nghd;w ,df; FOg; ngau;fs; rk];fpUj (gpuhfpUj) kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fshf mikayhk;. gy Ml;ngau;fs; gioa nkhopfisr; Nru;e;j nrhw;fs; Nghyf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy eFtp> flyp> ]gpyp kw;Wk; eku Nghd;w ngau;fs;> ,tw;iw ed;F Ma;Tnra;jhy; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspw; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fs; gpuhfpUjk; gutpa fhyj;jpy; Ngrg;gl;l nkhopfis milahsq; fhz cjtyhk;”

RUq;ff; $wpd; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspNy jkpo; nkhopr; nrhw;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ fh. ,e;jpughyhtpd; fUj;jhFk;. ,jid Kd;du; gyu; typAWj;jpAs;sdu;. ,j;jhypa ehl;L ,sk; Ma;thsuhd kNyhdp vd;gtNu ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rhrdq;fspNy tUk; gUuj vd;w nrhy; guju; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;ypd; gpuhfpUj tbtk; vd;gij Kjd; Kjyhfr; nrhd;dhu;. tTdpahtpYs;s mq;fpypf;fd; jpUr;rignahd;wpd; NghjfuhftpUe;j fdfnuj;jpdk; mbfshu; ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspYs;s gy nrhw;fisg; jkpo; nrhw;fshf milahsq;fz;L mtw;iwg;gw;wp xU E}iy Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. mtupd; KbGfSf;F tYT+l;Lk; tifapw; fyhepjp M. NtYg;gps;is ntspapl;l fl;Liufs; mike;Js;sd. gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fis Muha;e;j g. G\;guj;jpdk; mtw;wpNy fhzg;gLk; kpff; $Ljyhd jkpo;r; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;;L mtw;iw epuy;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; gpuhfpUj nkhoptof;F jkpo;(jpuhtpl) nkhoptof;F Mfpatw;iw milahsq;fz;L fh. ,e;jpughyh mit ,yq;ifapy; NkNyhq;fptpl;likf;F VJthd fhuzq;fis Nky;tUkhW tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

“,yq;ifj; jPit ,U ghjpfshfg; gpupj;J ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Mjp ,Uk;Gf;fhyj; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis Ma;Tnra;jhy; tl ghjpf;Fk; njd;ghjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; rpy NtWghLfisf; fhzyhk;. jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J gutpa gz;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa $Wfshfpa jhop mlf;fq;fs;> fw;fpil mlf;fq;fs;> fUk;- nrk; kl;ghz;lk;>,Uk;Gf; fUtpfs;> new; gapu;r; nra;if kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrd trjp Mfpatw;wpd; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; tl ghjpapy; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;ghjpapy; xU rpy ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk;jhd; ,r; rhrdq;fisf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.”

“,g; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j ,ilf;fw;fhy kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gutpaNghJ Gyk;ngau;e;J te;NjhUld; ,df;fyg;G Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Gjpjhfg; gutpa cau;thd gz;ghLfSk; nkhopfSk; epiyngw;wd.” gpuhfpUj nkhopAk;> jkpo; nkhopAk; $Ljyhd nry;thf;if> rpwg;ghf ,yq;ifapd; njd;ghjpapNy gw;wpUe;jJ. tl ghjpapy;> tlNkw;F> kw;Wk; fpof;Ff; fiuNahug; gFjpapy;> jkpo; nkhopapd; Mjpf;fk; ngwj;njhlq;fpaJ. Mjp tuyhw;Wf; fhye;njhl;L ,t;tpU nkhopfSk; ,yq;ifapy; KOikahd Mjpf;fk; ngwg; Nghl;bapLk; nkhopfs; Nghd;W tsu;r;rpAwj; njhlq;fpd. ,yq;ifapy; Njhz;wpa ,U ngUk; ,df;FOkq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ,e;j nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rpapy; jq;fpapUe;jJ.”

“Mjp tuyhw;Wf; fhye; njhlq;fpa NghJ ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j kf;fSila nkhopfs; njhlu;ghfj; jha;nkhop khw;wk; vd;W tu;zpf;ff;$ba Nghf;F tsu;r;rp ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jJ vdyhk;. ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghfj;jpy; cau;FOhj;jpdu; nkhopahfTk;> vOj;J nkhopahfTk; gpuhfpUjk; xU Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. cau; Fohj;jpdu; gpuhfpUjg; ngau;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nghf;Fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mNj Nghy jkpo; nkhopAk; gy FOf;fspd; jha;nkhopahFk; Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.”

,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; gpuhfpUj nkhopr; rhrdq;fshFk;. mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; gpuhfpUjk; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l xU fyg;G nkhopahFk;. mjpNy jkpo; nrhw;fSk; Mjpahd jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak;  gutpa fhyj;jpy; mq;F tho;e;j kf;fspy; xU gpuptpdu; jkpo; nkhop  NgRNthu; vd;gijAk; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; %yk; czu;e;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. mtu;fspy; rpyiu jNkl> jNko> jkpl vdg; gythW rhrdq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mt;thwhd rhrdq;fs; tlfpof;F khfhzq;fspy; cs;sd. jpuhtplu; r%fj;Jf;Fg; nghJthdJk; rk];fpUj kugpNy> Fwpg;ghfj; ju;krh];jpuq;fspNy jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lJkhd kUkf;fs; kzk;Kbf;Fk; Kiw epytpajw;fhd rhd;Wfs; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNjhu; mk;rkhFk;.

r%fg; gpupTfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; guju; vd;Dk; r%fj;jtiuNa rhrdq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu; vd;gij Kd;G mtjhdpj;Njhk;.  mz;ikf;fhy Ma;thsu;fspw; gyu; ,f; fUj;jpid xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mjw;F typ Nru;f;Fk; tz;zkhf rpy rhrdr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. nghyeWitapy; fpilj;Js;s rhrdk; xd;wpNy gUuj ]hfUupfU];] NyNz “ gujdhfpa flydpd; Fif” vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. gujd; vd;gtd; khYkp vd;gjhy; mtidf; flyd; vd;W rhrdq; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. rhrdj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fg;gypd; cUtk; ,jid cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

mFW}nfhltpw; fpilj;Js;s ehzaq;fspy; xd;wpy;> xU Gwj;jpy;> gUuj jp]`> guj(d;) jp]DilaJ> vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehzaj;ij toq;fpatd; guj Fyj;jtdhfpa jp]d;> ehzaj;jpd; kW Gwj;jpNy ,uz;L kPd;fspd; cUtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> kPd; guj Fyj;jtupd; rpd;dkhf> ,yr;rpidahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. ,Jtiu ftdpj;jtw;wpd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy;> ,w;iwf;F 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G> fp.K ,uz;lhk;> Kjyhk; E}w;whz;LfspNy jkpou; tho;e;jdu; vd;gJk; jkpo; nkhop ehl;by; tho;e;j xU rhuhupd; Ngr;R tof;F nkhopahf tpsq;fpaJ vd;gJk; njl;lj; njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhapd; ve;jf; fhyg; gFjpapNy ,yq;ifapNy jkpo; nkhop gutj; njhlq;fpaJ? vd;w tpdh vOfpd;wJ.

Mjp ,Uk;Gf;fhykhfpa ngUq;fw;gz;ghl;Lf; fhyk; gw;wp NtW rpyu; tpupthd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;l NghjpYk; fh. ,e;jpughyh mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Kd;itj;j tpsf;fq;fNs mOj;jkhdit> cWjpahdit> MjhuG+u;tkhdit. mtu; Nky;tUkhW  nrhy;thu;:

     “,yq;iff;F vg;nghOJ jkpo; nkhop(my;yJ mjd; %jhij nkhopahfpa jkpo;- kiyahs %y nkhop PROTO TAMIL-MALAYALAM gutpaJ? ,yq;ifapd; vg;ghfj;jpy; ,k; nkhop Kjypy; gutpaJ? ,t; tpdhf;fSf;F ,yFtpy; tpilfhz KbahJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J neUq;fpa cwTfs; jkpo;ehl;L epyg;gFjpf;Fk; ,yq;if epyg;gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;jik Kd;du; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,e; epyg;gFjpfspy; Ngrg;gl;l nkhopfs; gw;wp vJTNk mwpaKbahj epiyapy;> jkpopd; %y nkhopNah mg;nghOJk; Nghrg;gl;lJ gw;wp vJTk; $w KbahJ. Mjp tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; njhlq;Fk; fl;lj;jpNy jhd; jkpo; nkhop njd;dpe;jpahtpy; vopw;rp ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;W $wf;$ba epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tuyhw;Wj; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; J}u njd;dpe;jpahtpy; (jkpo;ehL> Nfusk;) Ngrg;gl;l nkhopfSs; jkpo; nkhop NkNyhq;fp tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ vdyhk;. rq;fr; nra;As;fSs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lit ngh. M. K( fp.K) ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit vd;W nghJthf Ma;thsu;fs; fUJtu;. ,jd;gb ,j;jifa ,yf;fpaj; juj;ij jkpo; nkhop miltjw;F Kd; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;. ,J rpq;fs nkhop cUthtjw;Fg; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhykhFk;.

kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;Jg; ngUq;fw; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs;

kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; vd;gJ fpof;fpyq;ifapy; ntUfyhw;Wf;Fj; njd;ghy; Fkiz tiu gue;jpUf;Fk; ngUepyg;gFjp. mjpy; vOthd;fiu> gLthd;fiu vd;w gpupTfs; cz;L.mtw;wpd; ngau;fs; G+u;tPfkhdit. epytikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Rj;jkhd jkpo;g; ngau;fs;. murhq;fk; 1962,y; gioa kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; njd;gFjpiag; gpupj;J mk;ghiw vd;w xU Gjpa khtl;lj;ij cUthf;fptpl;lJ. vdNt> ,yq;ifj; jkpou; thOk; gFjpfspNy kpfg; ngupJk; rpy jdpahd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJkhd kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; ,U $Wfshfp tpl;lJ.

mq;F thOk; jkpou;fspd; Ngr;R tof;F kpfTk; GuhjhdkhJ. jkpo; ehl;by; tof;fw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;l rpy nrhw;fs; ,d;Dk; mtu;fspilNa toq;fptUfpd;wik mjw;Nfhu; jFe;j cjhuzkhFk;. mq;F jkpo; nkhop vg;NghJ gutpaJ? vt;thW gutpaJ vd;gijg; gy topfspd; %yk; ,g;nghOJ %d;W E}w;whz;L fhy tsu;r;rp Njitg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;W nfhz;lhy;> jkpopd; vOr;rp ngh.M.K Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; njhlq;fpapUf;Fk;. mf;fhy fl;lkstpy; ,yq;iff;Fk; mk;nkhop gutpapUf;Fk; vdyhk;.”

“ jkpopd; vopr;rp Vw;gl;l ,g; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ> njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J Mjp ,Uk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL ,yq;iff;Fg; gutpa fl;lj;jpy; $lNt jkpo; nkhopapd; nry;thf;Fk; gutpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;gij Cfpf;fyhk;. jkpo; ehl;bd; njd;gFjpapypUe;J Gjpa gz;ghl;il ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;Nwhu; jkpo; nkhop NgRNthuhf ,Ue;jpUg;gu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; NtW gFjpfspypUe;J NtWnkhop NgRNthUk; nrd;wpUg;gu; vd;gjpy; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.”

,yq;ifapy; fp. K Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;nkhop gutptpl;lJ vd;gJk; mJ ngUq;fw;fhykhd Mjp ,Uk;Gf; fw;fhyg; gz;ghL gutpaikNahL njhlu;GilaJ vd;gJk; ,Jtiu ftdpj;j Fwpg;Gf;fspd; rhuhk;rkhFk;. mJ gpuhfpUj nkhopAk; toq;fpaij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapw; ngUq;fw; gz;ghL epytpa fhyj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopAk; gutpanjd;gij Kd;G mtjhdpj;Njhk;.,yq;ifapd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapYk; mt;tpjkhd #o;epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.

kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;Jf;Fupa kpfTk; gioikahd njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;gdthFk;. mtw;wpidNa rpy ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lit Nrho kz;lyf; fiuapYs;s fhtpupg;G+k; gl;bdk; Nghd;w JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fs; topahf Vw;gl;l fly;topg; gpuahzq;fs; %ykhf Mjp ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;Jf;F cupajhd ngUq;fw; gz;ghL njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J kl;lf;fsg;Gg; Njrj;Jf;Fk; gutpaJ. Mdhy; mq;F ,Jtiu Kiwahd njhy;ypay; Nkyha;TfNsh> mfo;tha;TfNsh Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpNy ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s kpf Kf;fpakhd Mjp ,Uk;Gf;fhyj; njhy;ypay; jsk; fjpiuntspapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kfhtyp Mw;wpd; fopKfg; gFjpapy; Fuq;F gilnaLj;j Ntk;G vDk; ,lj;jpy; ghiwf; fw;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l fw;fpil mlf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1920fspy; ,Ue;J ,j; njhy;ypay; jsj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mwpag;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,q;F mjpfk; Ma;T ,Jtiu elj;jg;gltpy;iy. Mjp ,Uk;Gf;fhyj;jpy; ,g; gFjpapy; Kf;fpakhd xU FbapUg;G ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Fr; Rw;whlypy;  fhzg;gLk; NtW njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,q;fpUe;J fpl;ba J}uj;jpy; NrUtpy> ,yq;ifj; Jiw> <r;rpyk;gj;ij Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sd. ,yq;ifj; Jiwapy; fUk; nrk; kl;ghz;l xLfs; ngwg;gl;ld.

“fjpiuntspapd; fw;fpil mlf;fq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mjp ,Uk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; nry;thf;F njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J kl;Lkd;wp Me;jpuh kw;Wk; Nfusk; Mfpa ,lq;fspypUe;Jk; te;jpUf;fKbAk;. Nfusj;jpy; ,g;gbahd fw;fpil mlf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jik nfhr;rpg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vUfhkk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ngUq;fw;fSld; $ba rpy mlf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jik mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.”

thfiuapy; Mjp ,Uk;Gf; fhyf; fy;yiwfspd; rpijTfs; gutyhfg; gutpapUg;gij jq;Nf];tup fjpu;fhkd; mtjhdpj;Js;shu;. kz;^upYk; ngUq;fw; gz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa fy;yiw ,Ug;gijr; rpyu; fz;Ls;sdu;. vdpDk;> ,tw;iw milahsq;fz;L ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;yhjtplj;J mit ahTk; kpf tpiutpy; mope;JtpLk;. Nfhapy;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; rhrdq;fSf;F Vw;gl;l fjp ,tw;Wf;Fk; Vw;gl;LtpLk;. ngUe; njUf;fisAk;> Gjpa fl;blq;fisAk; mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fUq;fw;fisf; Fj;jij Kiwapy; toq;f Kd;tUk; Kjyhspfs; ,tw;iwf; fzg;nghOjpy; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fshd fw;fisAk; njhopyhsu;fisf; nfhz;L vJtpj jaf;fKkpd;wp jfu;j;J tpLfpd;wdu;. ,t;tpjkhd NfLfisj; jLj;J epWj;JtJ murhq;f mjpfhupfspd; flikahFk;. ,jidg; nghWj;jtiuapNy r%jha tpopg;Gzu;r;rp ,y;yhjtplj;J vjidAQ; nra;atpayhJ.

fpof;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpd; njd; gFjpapYk; njd; khfhzj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapYk; rpy ,lq;fspNy njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;Jk; gutpa ngUq;fw;gz;ghl;bw;Fupa rpd;dq;fs;; fpilj;Js;sd. Mw;Wtopahf ,g; gz;ghL gutpaikapidf; Fwpf;Fk;tz;zkhf MWfspd; fopKfg; gFjpfspNyNa njhy;nghUl; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpd; njd; vy;iyahf mikAk; Fk;Gf;fs; Xahtpw;F tlf;fpYs;s gy ,lq;fspy; ngUq;fw; gz;ghl;bw;Fupa fUk;- nrk; fyNthLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ghzikg; gFjpapy; ,t;tpjkhd njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;Fj; njw;fpy; cfe;ijapy; ngUq;fw; gz;ghl;Lf; fhy <k fw;fpilfs; ,Ug;gij 1920fspy; rpyu; mtjhdpj;Js;sdu;.

 ngUq;fw; gz;ghl;Lf; fhykhfpa Mjp ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;J <kj; jyq;fSf;F mz;ikapNy Guhjdkhd gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik xU Fwpg;gpLtjw;Fupa mk;rkhFk;. jkpo; nkhopiag; NgRNthuhd njd;dpe;jpag; gz;ghl;L kf;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa FbapUg;ghsu;fspilNa ngsj;jk; gutpaJ.  vd;gijAk; mtw;wpNy gpuhfpUj nkhop mwpKfkhfpaJ vd;gijAk; ,jdhy; czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf fh.,e;jpughyh Nky;tUkhW $Wfpd;whu;.

“ Mjp ,Uk;Gf; fhyr; rt mlf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;Ff; fpl;ba ,lq;fspy; kpfg; gioa gpukpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLtJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; mg;gbahd xU fy;ntl;L rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; jkpo;g; ngz;nzhUj;jp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. ,f;fy;ntl;L mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gFjpapy; FLtpy; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. gpuhfpUjj;jpy; jhkl vd;wiof;fg;gl;l jkpo; kf;fs; mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gFjpapy; 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,Ue;jikf;F ,J rhd;Wgfu;fpd;wJ.

kl;lf;fsg;G mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspw; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

guztpjhd ntspapl;l ,yq;ifr; rhrdq;fs; () vd;Dk; E}ypd; Kjyhe; njhFjpapy; vy;yhkhf 1234 rhrdq;fs; mlq;Fk; mtw;wpNy 180 fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cs;sit. mtw;wpYk; 16 rhrdq;fs; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sit. kl;lf;fsg;G mk;ghiw Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; 166 rhrdq;fs;. ,tw;iwtpl NtW ,lq;fspy; ntspte;jdTk;  ,Jtiuj; njhy;nghUl; jpizf;fsj;jpduhy; milahsq; fhzg;glhjdTk; gythFk;. MapDk; ,q;F ifahsg;gLk; Fwpg;Gf;fSk; tpguq;fSk; guztpjhd ntspapl;Ls;shu;. KjyhtJ njhFjpapy; mlq;fpa 166 fy;ntl;Lf;fis kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. mtw;iw %ykhff; nfhz;l Ma;T Kaw;rpAk; G+u;thq;fkhdJ. ,q;F nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; rpy NtW fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpguq;fs; %yk; NkYk; tYg;ngWk; NtWrpy khw;wkila NeupLk;.

,r; rhrdq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jhd rhrdq;fshFk; mit ngsj;j rq;fj;jhUf;F Fifj; jsq;fis trpg;gplkhff; nfhLj;jik gw;wpait. mit ,yq;ifapYs;s gpw gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fisg; Nghy xU nraw;if Kiwahd gpuhfpUj nkhop trdq;fspy; mike;jit. ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; RUf;fkhdit mtw;wpNy gpuhe;jpa tof;fhd nkhopr; nrhw;fs; fyg;Gw;Ws;sd. jhdfhuiug; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; rpwg;Gilait. mtw;wpd;%yk; xUthW rkfhyj;Jr; r%jha epiyfis mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;. Fifj;jsq;fisj; jhdkhf tsq;fpNahupd; ngau;fNshL> Fyg; ngau;fs;> ,df; FOg; ngau;fs;> gjtp epiyg; ngau;fs; mtw;wpNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fy\ ,df; FOg; ngau;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLgit %d;W kl;LNk. 166 rhrdq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gj> ehf> jNkl vd;gitNa mit. gj vd;Dk; ngau;r;nrhy; 21 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida khtl;lq;fspy; mike;Js;s rhrdq;fNshL xg;gpLkplj;J ,q;F gj vd;Dk; nrhy; $Ljyhd mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tlNkw;F ,yq;ifapYk; tTdpah khtl;lj;jpYk; cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy guju; vd;Dk; r%fg; gpuptpdiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kl;lf;fsg;G mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspy; mike;Js;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; guj(u;) gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy ,J rpe;jidf;Fupa xU tplakhFk;. guj r%fj;jtiu gj vd;W rpyu; $w Kw;glyhk;. me;jf; fUj;Jk; rkfhy tuyhw;wpy; Mokhfg; gjpe;Jtpl;lJ.

fh.,e;jpughyhtpd; Nky;tUk; tpsf;fk; mjw;Nfhu; cjhuzkhFk;.

“guju; vd;w FOtpdu; rq;fr; nra;As;fspNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; fiuNahug; gl;bq;fspy; ,tu;fs; tzpfu;fshfTk;>fly;rhu; njhopy;fs; Gupgtu;fshfTk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,yq;ifapYs;s Mjp tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;J gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gytw;wpy; guj kw;Wk; gj vd tUk; ngau;fisg; gujiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;fshf milahsq; fz;L fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; fly; tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila FwpaPLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;baJld; jpuhtpl cwTKiw vdf; fUjg;gLk; cwTKiwfs; ntspg;gLj;JtijAk; gad;gLj;jp ,yq;ifapy; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gyKiw Fwpg;gplg;gLk; guj/ gj FOtpdUk; jkpo;ehl;bdu;. guju; FOtpdUk; xNu r%ff; FOtpdu; vd;w fUj;ijg; Nguhrpupau; n]ndtpuj;d typAWj;jpAs;shu;. ,q;F Nguhrpupau; n]ndtpuj;dtpd; fUj;J Nguhrpupau; fh. ,e;jpughyhtpd; fUj;jhfp tpLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; guj> gj vDk; ngau;fs; xNu fUj;ijNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. vd;gij cWjp nra;tJ ,yFthd fhupakd;W. nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; mjid epWTtjw;Fr; rhj;jpakpy;iy. ve;jnthU gpuhkpr; rhrdKk; guj vd;Nghiu gj vd;W Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. rhrdq;fspy; ehf vd;gijg; Nghy guj vd;gJ Fyg;ngauhf tUfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s ve;jnthU rhrdKk; gj vd;Dk; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,lj;J gUkf vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. NtW khtl;lq;fspYs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspYs;s ,e;j epiyjhd; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt gUkf vd;Dk; nrhy; Mjpapy; gj vd;Dk; FOtpdupilNa toq;ftpy;iy vd;Nw fUjyhk;. gj vd;Nghu; jkpo; nkhop toq;Fk; gpuhfpUjKk; guTtjw;F Kd; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j G+u;tpf;f Fbfspd; xU gFjpapdu; vd;W nfhs;tNj nghUj;jkhdJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;Jk; te;j ngUq;fw; gz;ghL gutpaJk; tptrha cw;gj;jp Kiwiaf; nfhz;l r%jhaj;jpy; ,izj;Jtpl;ldu;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ehfNuhL fyg;Gw;wdu;. rhrdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; $l;Lg; ngauhd gjehf vd;gJ ,jw;Fr; rhd;whfyhk;. gj vd;Dk; ,df;FOg; ngau; ,e;jpahtpYs;s gpuhfpUj nkhopr; rhrdq;fspNyh jkpo;g; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspNyh fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;Jg; NghujPTg; gw;wpYs;s Cu;fspnyhd;W nty;yhntsp. Kw;fhyq;fspy; mJ ehjid td;dpadhupd; Ml;rp tyaj;jpy; mlq;fpapUe;jJ. mq;Nf Mapuk; tpOJ Mykuk; vd;gjd; vjpNu> mltpapd; Xukhf mike;Js;s ngUk;ghiwnahd;wpYk;  Gs;sGbr;rhd; kiy vd;Dk; Fd;wj;jpYk; vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ug;gij mq;Fs;s Cuhu; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.  mtw;iwg; gw;wpr; rpyu; %ykhf mwpe;j fhyhrhu cj;jpNahfj;juhd jpUkjp. g. vopy;thzp mtw;iw Muha;tjw;nfd;W vk;ik mioj;Jr; nrd;whu;. mtNuhL nrd;wnghOJ Mykuj;Jf;F Kd;ghfTs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fisg; ghu;f;fKbe;jJ. md;W Gs;sGbr;rhd; kiyapd; cr;rptiu VwpanghOJ vk;ktu;fshy; mq;Fs;s fy;ntl;ilg; nrk;ikahf mtjhdpf;fNth> glk; gpbf;fNth Kbatpy;iy. rLjpahf thdk; ,Uz;L> ,bkpd;dNyhL nghope;j kioNa mjw;Ff; fhuzk;. me;j mDgtk; Vkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. MapDk; mr; rhrdj;jpd; thrfj;ijg; ngwNtz;Lnkd;w kdTWjp tYg;ngw;wJ. kiy Vwpatu;fs;  mq;F rw;W ePskhd rhrdk; ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;dhu;fs;. kPz;Lk; xU Kiw nty;yhntspf;Fg; gpuhahzQ; nra;a Kbe;jJ. me;jg; gpuahzk; ,e;J rka> fyhrhu mYty;fs;  jpizf;fsj;jpd; mDruizNahL eilngw;wJ. mk;Kiw mj; jpizf;fsk; elhj;Jk; tUlhe;j khehl;bw; gq;Fgw;wpa mwpQu;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;Nwhk;. mtu;fs; kl;lf;fsg;gpidg; ghu;f;fNtz;Lnkd;w Mty; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. vdNt Nguhrpupau; [P. NrJuhkd;> Nguhrpupau; ,uh[Ntyd;> Kidtu;fshd r. ,uh[Nfhghy;> t. Ntjhryk;> r. rhe;jypq;fk; MfpNahu; vk;NkhL $bte;jdu;. mtu;fspy; %tu; jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; jpizf;fsj;jpNy mUk;gzp Gupe;J Xa;Tngw;w KJepiy Ma;thsu;fs;. jkpo;r; rhrdq;fisg; gbg;gjpYk; tpsf;FtjpYk; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtu;fs;. NrJuhkd; kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Ez;Jiwg; Nguhrpupau;> njhy;ypaypy; Mu;tKk;> gapw;rp mDgtKk; nfhz;ltu;. uh[Ntyd; jQ;rhT+u; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpNy mz;ikapy; Ma;thsuhf epakdk; ngw;Wg; Nguhrpupauhfg; gjtp cau;T ngw;wtu;. ,tu;fNshL nty;yhntspf;Fr; nrd;wnghOJ mq;Fs;s mur mjpfhupfSk; mDridahf ,Ue;jdu;. Mu;tyu;fshd jpUNtzprq;fk;> rptFU.bfehjd; KjyhNdhUk; $bte;jdu;. bfehjd; nty;yhntsp Cupdu; vd;gjhy; Ntz;ba MjuTfis vk;khw; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf; fofj;Jj; jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytuhd Nguhrpupau; t. kNf];tud; kpFe;j cw;rhfj;NjhL vk;Kld; te;jhu;. ,k;Kiw vkJ gpuahzk; ntw;wpfukhf Kbe;jJ. Mapuk; tpOJ Mykuj;Jf;F Kd;gjhfTs;s ghiwapy; mike;j rhrdq;fisg; gbnaLf;f Kbatpy;iy. mq;Fs;s rhrdq;fspy; xd;iw kl;Lk; ,e;jpa mwpQu; FOtpd; xU rhuhu; glk;gpbj;jdu;. mjid mtu;fs; midtUk; xUKfkhf Nky;tUkhW thrpj;jdu;. ngUkfNe Vfrkja NyNz ,jidg; ngUkfd; xUtd; vy;NyhuJk; xUkpjkhdkhd xg;GjNyhL toq;fpa Fif vd;W tpsf;fpdhu;fs;. KjyhtJ nrhy;iyg; ngWj;jtiuapw; rpy mk;rq;fspy; vkJ fUj;J NtWgLfpd;wJ. nrhy;ypd; ,uz;lhtJ vOj;J W() vd;W nfhs;sf;$ba tifapNy njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhopapy; u>w kaf;fk; Mjpfhyk; Kjyhf te;Js;sJ vd;gjw;F ,J ey;yNjhu; cjhuzkhFk;. ,e;jr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpahd- vd;Dk; vOj;jpid Ne vd;W milahsq; fhz;gjpw; gpur;rpid vOfpd;wJ. gpuhkpapNy Ne vd;Dk; vOj;J – vd;w tbtj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; fy;ntl;bw; fhzg;gLtJ NtWtpjkhfNt mike;Js;sJ. e- vd;Dk; vOj;jpYs;s Neu; jz;bid ,lJGwkhf tisj;J vOjp> Vfhuf; FwpaPlhd mfyg;ghl;bYs;s  rpwpa Nfhl;bid tyg;gf;fj;jpd;  jiyg;ghfj;jpy; ,izj;Js;sdu; vdf; fUjKbfpd;wJ. vdNt mr; nrhy;ypidg; ngWkfNd vd;W milahsq; fhz;gNj nghUj;jkhdJ. u> w kaf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; ngUkfd; vd;gJ ,q;F ngWkfd; vd;w tbtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.-- ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; ,q;Fjhd;  ngUkfd; vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njd;dpe;jpa gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLk; Kg;gJ jsq;fspYKs;s 90 fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk;  ngUkfd; vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;bd; KjyhtJ nrhy;ypy; W- >k- >d- vd;Dk; %d;W jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. goe;jkpo; E}y;fspy; kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLk; ngUkfd; vd;w nrhy;ypd; kWtbtNk ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; gUkf vd te;Js;sJ. gUkfs vd;gJ mjd; ngz;ghy; tbtkhFk;. gpuhfpUj nkhopapw; nrhw;fs; nka; vOj;Jf;fNshL Kbtjpy;iy. mit capNuwp capu;nka;fshfptpLk;. vdNt gUkfs vd;gJ gUkfs; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;ypd; gpuhfpUj kakhf;fk; ngw;w tbtkhFk;. vdNt gUkfs vd;gjd; Mz;ghy; tbtkhfpa gUkf vd;DQ; nrhy; gUkfd; vd;w jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhy;ypd; gpuhfpUj tbtkhFk;. ,J vt;thW mg;gbahfpaJ? vd;w tpdh vOtJ ,ay;ghFk;. gUkfd; vd;Dk; Mjpj; jkpo;r; nrhy;ypd; <w;nwOj;jhfpa d; vd;gij ePf;fptpLtjhy; me;j tbtk; ngwg;gLk;. ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; rhypta> Gjy vd;DQ; nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;W nkhopapay; Nehf;fpy; mtw;iw ,e;Njh- Mupa nkhop topg; gpwe;j nrhw;fshff; fUjKbahJ. vdNt mtw;iwj; jkpo; nkhopapYs;s rhyptay;> Gjy;td; vDk; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjp vOj;jpid ePf;Ftjd; %yk; mit gpuhfpUj kakhfp KiwNa rhypta> Gjy vd;Dk; tbtq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gNj nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fkhFk;. gUkf vd;gJk; mj;jifaJ.

ngU> gU vd;w nrhw;fs; xNu nghUisf; Fwpg;git. vdNt gUkf(d;) vd;gJ ngUkfd; vd;w nrhy;ypd; khw;WtbtkhFk;.  Vida gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspNy gUkf vd;W Fwpg;gpl;l nry;ypid nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;bNy gpuhfpUj kag;gLj;jhJ ngW(U)kfd; vd;W ,ay;ghd jkpo;r; nrhy;yhf vOjpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNthu; mk;rkhFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;;Lj;njhif Mfpatw;wpy; mlq;fpa E}y;fspw;  ngUkfd;  vd;DQ; nrhy; gy ,lq;fspy; tUfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; gUkf vd;w nrhy; ngUe;njhifahd rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,U nrhw;fSk; ,U NtW nkhopfspy; (jkpo;> gpuhfpUjk;) xNu nghUs; Fwpf;Fk; tifapw; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mj;Jld; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fSk; gz;ilj; jkpo; E}y;fSk; xNu fhyj;Jf;Fupait vd;gJq; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. gUkf vd;Dk; gpuhfpUjr; nrhy; nghUkfd; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;ypd; khw;W nkhoptbtk; vd;gij ,yq;ifapYs;s Ma;thsupw; rpyu; xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fspd; fUj;J nty;yhntspr; rhrdj;jpd; %yk; cWjp ngWfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNjhu; mk;rkhFk;.

nghUkfd;> ngUkf vd;gJ> ntt;NtW r%jhag; gpupTfspd; jiyikg; gjtpiaf; Fwpf;FQ; nrhy;yhFk;. xUtupd; ,aw;ngaUf;F Kd;dhy; me;jr; nrhy;iyf; Fwpg;gpLtNj tof;fk;. ed;nfhil toq;fpatu;fspd; ,aw;ngaUf;F Kd;dhy; gjtpg; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtJk; rhrdtof;fhFk;. me;e mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fkplj;J  nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;bw; ngUkfd; vd;w nrhy;iyj; njhlu;e;J tUk; Vfrkja vd;gJ ed;nfhilahsdpd; ngauhjy; $Lk;. ,e;j tplak; njhlu;ghf ed;;W Muha;e;j gpd;Ng ,Wjpahd Kbgpw;F tuKbAk;.

ngUk;ghz;

nty;yhntspf; fw;ghiwapy; NtW fy;ntl;nlhd;Wz;L. ,uz;lhtJ Kiw ehk; nrd;w nghOJk; mjd; Gifg;glj;ij vLf;fKbatpy;iy.MapDk; ez;gu; rhe;jypq;fk; mjid ed;F mtjhdpj;J mjd; thrfj;ijg; gpujpahf vOjpdhu;.ehk; jq;fpapUe;j tpLjpapy; vk;kplk; mjidf; fhl;bdhu;. mg; gpujpapd; thrfk; Nky;tUkhW mike;jpUe;jJ. – gpd;G rpy ehl;fs; fopj;jgpd;du; ,jidg; gw;wp vk;kplkpUe;J mwpe;Jnfhz;l rptFU bfehjd; kpFe;j rpukj;Jld; kiyNawp> mf; fy;ntl;ilg; glk; gpbj;jhu;. ,q;F ntspaplg;gLk; mg;glg; gpujp rhe;jypq;fk; fl;ghu;itapdhy; cUthf;fpa gpujpia Kw;WKOjha; cWjpnra;tjha; mike;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

kw;iwa rhrdKk; ,JTk; xNu fhyj;J tuptbtq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. mit fp.K ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lf;F cupait vd;W fUjyhk;. mf; fhyj;jpNy vOj;Jf;fSf;Ff; FwpaPLfis ,Lk; tof;fkpy;iy. mjdhy; xNu nrhy;yhf mike;j ,r; rhrdj;ijg;; ngUk;gz> ngUk;gz;> ngUk;ghz> ngUk;ghz;  vd ehd;F tpjq;fspNy thrpf;fyhk;. ,tw;wpNy KjyhtJ ehfglj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Ie;J jiy ehf cUtq;fs; Jwtpfs; thoe;j Fifj;jsq;fs; gytw;wpNy fhzg;gLfpd;w nghOjpYk;  ,r;rhrdk; fhzg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; mj;jifa tbtk; vJTkpy;iy. vdNt ,f;fy;ntl;L ehfglj;ijad;wp NtnwhU nghUisNa Fwpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

rhrd tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;ff;$ba %d;W nrhw;fspilapYk; xU xw;Wik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjyhk; gFjpahd ngUk; vd;gJ xU ngau;r;nrhy; vr;rkhfNt tUfpd;wJ. mjNdhL tUk; tpFjp %d;W NtW nrhw;fshf nfhs;sf;;$banjdpDk; mr; nrhw;fs; ahTk; gz; vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit: mit gz;> ghz> ghz; vd;gdthFk;. gz; vd;DQ; nrhy; ghl;L> ,ir> tha;nkhopg;ghly; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fnkd;W nrd;idj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjpapy; tpsf;fpAs;sdu;. (VOL V>1982>g.2596). ghz; vd;gJ gz; vd;gjpypUe;J Njhz;wpaJ vd;W me;E}y; $Wk;.  ghz; vd;gJ ghzu; rhjpapahiuAq; Fwpf;Fk; vd;WQ; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghz; vd;w nrhy; ngUk;ghzu; vd;gjw;F epfuhdnjd;Wk;  nrd;idj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp  tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ( mtu;fs; aho; thrpf;Fk; ghzu;rhjp tifahu;) Madras tamil dexicow vol,v p,2879 ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> nghUk;ghzg;ghb> ngUk;ghz; miuru; vd;w nrhw;fspd; gFjpahfg; ngUk;gz; vd;w nrhy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspnyhd;W. gl;bdg;ghiy Mrpupauhd fbaY}u; cUj;jpud; fz;zhu; mjidg; ghbdhu; vd;gu;. ngUk;ghzg;ghb vd;gJ xU epyg; gpuptpd; ngau;. ngUk;ghz; miuru; gw;wpg; gpw;fhyj;Jr; rhrdq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

vdNt nty;yhntspr; rhrdj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $l;Lnkhopr; nrhy;ypid ngUk;ghz; vd;W nfhs;tNj kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ. mJ kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpYs;s NtnwhU gpuhkpr; rhrdj;jpd; Fwpg;gpdhYk; cWjpahfpd;wJ. ngUk;gz; vd;w nrhy; rkfhyj;Jj; jkpofj;Jg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJk; ftdpj;jpw;FupaJ.111 nrhw;fspd; nghUs;fs; gz;ghl;Lr; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g NtWgLtJz;L. Guhjhd fhyj;Jg; ghzu; nty;yhntspapYs;s kiyf;Fif xd;wpy; tho;e;jdu; vd;W nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhfhJ. Mdhy;> me;jr; nrhy;Yf;F fp.K ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtu;fSf;F mwpKfkhdJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ,e;epiyapy; mjid mtu;fs; vjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;? vd;w tpdh vOfpd;wJ. Fiffspy; JwtpfNs mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdu;. rkz Kdptu;fSk;> ngsj;j rq;fj;jhUk; Fiffspy; tho;e;Js;sdu;. nty;yhntspf; fw;ghiwapYs;s KjyhtJ fy;ntl;Lr; rq;fj;jhiuf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. vdpDk; Nrduj; guztpjhd jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspy; milahsq;fz;L ntspapl;l 166 gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; ngUk;ghyhdit ngsj;jk; rhu;e;jit vd;gjhy; nty;yhntsp kiyg; ghiwapYs;s FifapYk; ngsj;j rq;fj;jhNu tho;e;jdu; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. mt;thwhfpy; rkfhyj; jkpof tof;fpYk;> jkpo; nkhop tof;fpYk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j ngUk;ghz; vd;w nkhopj; njhlu; vt;tpjkhfg; ngsj;j rq;fj;jhUf;F cupajhfptpl;lJ vd;gJ Muha;tjw;FupaJ.

ngsj;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rpy gFjpfis kddk; gz;zp ,irNahL gbf;fk; tof;fk; cz;L. Mjpahd ngsj;j ,yf;fpakhd jpupgPlfj;jpYs;s rpy gFjpfis kddQ; nra;J ghlyhfg; gbf;Fk; ngWg;G Njuu;fspw; rpyUf;Fg; gpuj;jpNafkhd nghWg;ghf toq;fg;gl;lJ. md;Ndhiug; gUzf vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ tof;fk; vd;gij ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; rpytw;wpd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. k[;[pk epfhaj;ijg; gz;NzhL ghLgtiu k[pk gUzf vd;Wk; mq;Fj;ju epfhaj;ijg; gbg;gtiu VNfhj;ju fUzf vd;Wq; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. nty;yhntspapNy  gUzf vd;w gpuhfpUj kakhd nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf ngUk;ghz; vd;w J}a jkpo;r; nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Njuu; jkpouhjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt mq;fpUe;j gs;sp jkpo;g; ngsj;jg; gs;spahFk;.

Fryhd;kiyapw; gz;ghzd;

ngUk;ghz; vd;gJ gpuhfpUj nkhopr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; gUzf vd;w nrhy;Yf;F gjpyhd jkpo;r; nrhy;yhFk; vd;w tpsf;fk; Fryhd;kiyf; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpYs;s Fwpg;ghy; cWjpahfpd;wJ. Fryhd; kiyapYs;s gy rhrdq;fisg; gbnaLj;j Nrduj; guztpjhd mtw;wpd; thrfq;fis ntspapl;Ls;shu;. mit ngsj;j rkak; njhlu;ghdit. VNjh fhuzj;jpdhy; mq;Fs;s NtnwhU rhrdj;ijg; gbj;J mjd; thrfj;ij ntspapLtij mtu; jtpu;j;Jtpl;lhu;. me;jr; rhrdk; r%f> gz;ghl;L Ma;Tfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpy; gz;ghzd; vd;w  nrhw;nwhlu; njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ. nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;bw; ngUk;ghz; vd;gJ rhrdj;jpd; KO tbtkha; mike;Js;sJ.  Fryhd;kiyapw; gz;ghzd; xU trdj;jpy; mike;j njhluhAs;sJ. mjpNy Kd;dajpYs;s ngUk; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf gz; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy; tUfpd;wJ:  ghz; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf ghzd; vd;w nrhy; tUfpd;wJ. gz;NzhL ghLfpd;w ghzNd gz;ghzd;. mJ gpuhfpUj tof;fpNy gUzf vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.  Njuiuf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; ngUk; ghzd;  vd;w J}a jkpo;nkhopj; njhliug; gad;gLj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ? jyj;jpYs;s vy;yhr; rhrdq;fisAk; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjpatu;fs; ngsj;j ju;kk; gw;wpa gpujhd gFjpnahd;wpiw ,irg;ghq;fpw; gbg;gtiuj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

ngsj;j rkak; Mjpapy;> ,yq;ifapNy jkpioAk;> NtW nkhopapidg; Ngrpatu;fspilNa gutpanjd;gij Kd;Nd Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. Fryhd; kiyapy; ,Ue;j rq;fj;jhu; ngUk;gs;sp gy Jwtpfs; tho;e;j gs;sp: neLq;fhyk; epytpa gs;sp. mJ jkpouhd ngsj;j Jwtpfs; tho;e;j gs;sp vd;gJk; jkpo;r; r%fq;fSf;Fupa gs;sp vd;gJk; ,g;nghOJ njupatUfpd;wJ.

nty;yhntspapy; xU rkzg; gs;sp

Gs;sGbr;rhd; kiyapy; mike;Js;s fy;ntl;bidj; jyj;jpy; Muha;tjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l vkJ KjyhtJ Kaw;rp gadw;wjhfptpl;lJ.vd;W ,f; fl;Liuj; njhlupd; njhlf;fj;jpNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;. ,uz;lhtJ Kiw vk;NkhL $bte;j njd;dpe;jpa Ma;thsu;fs; ItUk;> <oehl;ltuhd gyUk; kiyNawpr; nrd;W mjd; cr;rpapYs;s fy;ntl;ilg; gbnaLj;jdu;. vk;ktupw; Nguhrpupau; kNf];tud;> jpUthsu; jpUNtzp rq;fkk;> rptFU bfehjd;> fyhrhu cj;jpNahfj;ju; jpUkjp vopy;thzp gj;kFkhu;> fpuhk mjpfhupfs; vdg; gyUk; ,f; FOtpy; ,ize;J nfhz;ldu;. vd;idj; jtpu kw;iwa vy;NyhUk; kiyNawptpl;ldu;. mz;ikapYs;s Fbir tPnlhd;wpd; tstpy; ehd; jq;fpapUe;Njd;. ,e;jj; jilit Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpf;F Ntz;ba vy;yh xOq;FfisAk; rptFU bfehjd; nrk;ikahfTk;> kpFe;j Mu;tj;NjhLk; ftdpj;jhu;. mYty;fs; Kbe;jJk; vkJ FOtpy; ,ize;Jnfhz;l midtUf;Fk; tpUe;JgrhuKk;  mtuJ FLk;gj;jpduhy; ,dpNj toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Gs;s Gbr;rhd; kiy Rk;khu; mWgjb cauKlaJ. mjd; cr;rpapid miltjw;F Mjpfhyj;jpw; gbfs; ntl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.

 

mjd; NkYs;s fy;ntl;bid KOikahfg; gbnaLf;f Kbe;jJ. fy;ntl;bid ,aw;iff; Nfhyj;jpYk; glk; vLj;Js;sdu;. mq;Fs;s fy;ntl;L ,q;F Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpypUe;J ngupJk; NtWgl;lJ. mJ fhyj;jhw; gpw;gl;lJ.rkz rkak; njhlu;ghdJ. mJ jkpo;g; gpuhkpr; rhrdk; mjid ,yq;ifapw; fpilj;j KjyhtJ jkpo;g; gpuhkpr; rhrdnkd;W nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ. mJ gpuhfpUjk; fye;j jkpo;r; rhrdk;. rkzk; njhlu;ghd rhrdk; vd;gjhy; mjidj; jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjpAs;sdu;. jkpofj;Jg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; vy;yhk; jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. mit ngUk;ghYk; rkzk; njhlu;ghdit. vOj;Jf;fspd; jz;Lfs; fPo;Nehf;fp ePz;Lk; gpd; ,lg;Gwkhf tise;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vOj;jpd; Nkyhd ,fuf; Fwpapd; milahsk; vOj;jpd; tyg;gf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; ,lg;Gwkhf tise;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tk;rq;fs; ty;ypGur; nrg;Ngl;bYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapNy fpilf;fpd;w> NtW gy gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspYk; mit cs;sd. mr; rhrdj;jpd; tuptbtq;fspd; mikg;G Me;jpu Njrj;J ,\;thF tk;rj;jpdupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa rhrdq;fspy; cs;sjidg; ngupJk; xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. vdNt> ,r;rhrdk; fp.gp %d;whk; ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;LfSf;FupajhFk;. rhrdj;jpd; thrfk; Nky;tUkhW mike;Js;sJ: rpg;GfUy fUkp Fuj;jp kP Fuj;jp Ntkp ngUtzpf rk fhyj;jtu; gbj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; KiwapNyNa rhrdq;fs; vOjg;gLk;. MapDk; 17 E}w;whz;Lfs; fope;j gpd;Gk; mjidg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ nghUs;kaf;fk; ,Ug;gJ Nghyj; Njhd;Wk;. gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; nrhw; RUf;fkhdit.

,q;F rpGfUy fUkp Fuj;jp kP Fuj;jp vd;gJ xNu trdkh? ,uz;L trdq;fsh? vd;Dk; tpdhf;fs; ,ay;ghfNt vOfpd;wd. xU trdkhapd; mJ xNu Fuj;jpapidNa  Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ vd;W nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mt;thwhapd; rpg;GfUy vd;Dk; Cupdshd Fuj;jp jiyik(kP)f; Fuj;jpahths; vd;W rhrdj;ijj; njhliu tpsf;fNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l rhrdj;njhliu ,U trdq;fshff; nfhs;tjdhy; ,r; rhrdk; ,uz;L Fuj;jpfisg; gw;wpajhfptpLk;. mt;thW nfhs;SjNy nghUj;jKilaJ Nghyj; njupfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; ,r;rhrdk; rkzrkaj;Jg; ngz;Jwtpaiug; gw;wpaJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. Fuj;jp Futu; vd;w nrhy;ypd; ngz;ghy; tbtkhFk;. ,jw;Ff; fhyj;jhw; gpw;gl;l jkpofj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gj;jpdpf; Fuj;jpahu; Kjyhd ngz; Jwtpau; gyiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cz;L. jkpofj;Jg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; gk;kpjp Nghd;w nrhw;fs; rkzg; ngz; Jwtpaiuf; Fwpg;gpLtd vd;gJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplw;FupajhFk;.

Kjd;ik> jiyik> Nkd;ik vd;gtw;iw kP vd;w XnuOj;Jr; nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;Fk;.kP vd;gJ jkpo; tof;fpNy> fhyNtWghbd;wp> MjpKjy; ,d;Wtiu toq;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. Fuj;jpfs; FOnthd;wpd; ehafpapidNa rhrdj;jpy; kP Fuj;jp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ,jidg;gw;wp ,UNtW fUj;Jf;F ,lkpy;iy.

,r; rhrdk; fhzg;gLk; kiyapd; Nkw; Fifapy;iy. mq;F Guhjdkhd nrq;fw; fl;Lkhdj;jpd; vr;rq;fs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nrq;fq;fs; mstpw;  ngupadntd;Wk; jkpofj;jpYs;s fp.gp Kjyhk; %d;whk; E}w;whz;LfSf;F cupadtw;iwg; Nghd;wd vd;Wk; njd;dpe;jpaj; njhy;ypayhsu;fs; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. kiyapNy fhzg;gLk; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; mq;F rkzuhd ngz; Jwtpaupd; gs;spnahd;W ,Ue;jikf;fhd  milahsq;fshFk;. ngUtzpf vd;W rhrdk; Fwpg;gpLgtu; Fuj;jpfSf;fhd gs;spia mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtuhjy; $Lk;. rkzUf;F ciwtplq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtu;fspy; tzpfUk; Kjd;ikahdtu;fs; vd;gij njd;dpe;jpa gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; %ykhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jkpo;g; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; rkzg; gs;spfSf;F  ed;nfhil toq;fpa rpy tzpfu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; Nky;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit:

1)   k(j;)jpiu c(g;)G tz;zd; tpafd; fzhjpfd; (mofu; kiy:3)

2)   ghzpj tzpfd; neLk(h)yd; (mofu; kiy:6)

3)   nfhO tzpfd; vsrhj;jd; (mofu; kiy:7)

4)   ntz;g(s;)sp mWit tzpfd; vs;shld; (mofu; kiy:10)

5)   vz;iz t(z;)zpfd; Nt-ep Mjd; mjpl;lhdk; (GfSu;:10)

njd;dpe;jpa jkpo;g; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; mike;Js;s tzpfd; vd;DQ; nrhy; ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; tzp[ my;yJ tzp] vd;Dk; gpuhfpUj tbtj;jpNy tUfpd;wJ.

nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;bNy fhzg;gLk; ngUtzpf vd;gJ xU tzpff; FOtpd; jiytidf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. tzpfu; nry;Yk; ghijf;F mz;ikapNy rkzj; Jwtpau; gs;sp mike;jpUe;jnjd;Wq; fUjyhk;. ,yq;ifapNy rkzg; gs;sp gw;wpa rhrdf; Fwpg;G Ntnwq;Fk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.vdpDk; mDuhjGuj;jpNy Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;j rkzg; gs;spfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; kfhtk;rj;jpy; cs;sd. gz;Lfhgad; mDuhjGuj;jpNy rkz Kdptu;fSf;Fg; gs;spfis mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jik gw;wp kfhtk;rk; Nky;tUkhW $Wk;@

 “tdNtlu;fspd; FbirfSf;Fk; fhkdpthtpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jyj;jpNy Jwtpau;fSf;fhd gs;spnahd;iw cUthf;fpdhu;. epfz;luhd N[hjp vd;gtUf;Fg; gs;spnahd;wpid mikj;jf; nfhLj;jhd;. mt;tplj;jpy; fpup vd;Dk; epfz;lUk; NtW gy JwtpfSk; tho;e;jdu;.” ( kfhtk;rk; x:95-100)

epfz;l vd;gJ epu;thzf; Nfhykhd rkzj;Jwtpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;W kfhtk;rj;jpd; gjpg;ghrpupauhd tpy;n`y;k; iffu; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. tl;lfhkpdp muridg; gw;wpa  kfhtk;rj;Jf; Fwpg;Gf;fspYk; rkzj;Jwtp xUtiug; gw;wpa fij fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tl;lfhkpdp mgad; gilnaLj;J te;j jkpouplk; Njhy;tpfz;lJk; rpj;jhuhk vd;Dk; gs;spapd; thapw;Gwj;jpw;F  mz;ikapNy  thfdnkhd;wpy; Vwp mDuhjGuj;jpdpd;Wk; ntspNawj; njhlq;fpdhd;. murd; jg;gpNahLtijf; fz;l epfz;luhd fpup vd;gtu;  muridf; Nfyp nra;jhu;. mjdhy; Mj;jpuKw;w murd; jhd; kPz;Lk; mjpfhuk; ngWk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fkplj;J mt;tplj;jpNy tpfhunkhd;iwf; fl;lNtz;Lnkd;w vz;zj;NjhL nrd;whd;. kPz;Lk; mDuhjGuj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; epfz;lu;fspd; Muhkj;ij ,bj;Jtpl;L mq;F migafpup tpfhuj;ijf; fl;Ltpj;jhd;. gz;Lfhgadhy; mikf;fg;gl;l jpj;jhuhkk; 21 murupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; KOtJk; epiyngw;wpUe;jJ. mjpNy ngsj;juy;yhj JwtpfNs tho;e;jdu; vd;gij mjd; ngaNu Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ iffupd; KbghFk;. vdNt> neLq;fhykhf mDuhjGuj;jpNy rkzk; epiyngw;wikf;F kfhtk;rNk Mjhukhfpd;wJ.

tl;lfhkpdpapd; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;G> ,yq;ifapd; njd;fpof;Fg; gFjpapYs;s nty;yhntspapw; rkzg;gs;sp xd;W ,Ue;jjw;F nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;L Mjhukhfpd;wJ. mq;fpUe;j rkzg;gs;sp ngz; Jwtpau; gs;sp. mJ jkpouhd rkzupd; gs;sp@ mJ jkpo; tzpfupd; Mjuitg; ngw;w gs;sp>

,Jtiu Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iw Nky;tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;:

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Zone                                        : - Batticaloa, Kalkuda, Batticaloawest

Team name                               : - Tiger

Member names                          : - Mrs. S.Thayakaran, Miss.G.Gnanathy,

                                                     Mr. S.Diganathan, Mr.S.Kugenthiran

Grade                                       : - 10

Subject                                     : - ICT

Unit                                          :-01

Competency                             : - Select and uses computer Hardware

Competency level                     : - Classifies computer peripherals by function

Activity                                    : - let’s identify computer peripherals.

Quality inputs                           : - Computer lab, PowerPoint presentation, Parts of computer

Objectives                                : - Identify computer peripherals

ICT aspects                              : -

·        Power point presentation facilitate the students to understand the  lesson easily with

Ø    Slide Layouts

Ø     Slide Design

Ø    Animations (Slide Transaction & Custom Animation)

Ø     Picture , Videos & Record Narration

·        We can show picture one by one.

·        Power point presentation is very attractive & effective tool to teach subjects.

·        It represents the real effect than manual.

·        It provides points for information.

                                                                  

Pedagogical aspect:-

·        Lesson plan can design & explain perfectly.

·        It helps to do difficult concept easily.

·        It helps to show step by step process.

·        Power Point presentation helps the Students to learn lesson without teacher’s help.

Learning process

Competency                 : Select and use computer    Hardware

Competency Level        : Classifies computer peripherals by function

Activity                        : Let’s identifies computer peripherals

Time                            : 80minutes

Quality inputs               : Computer lab, Parts of computer, Power point presentation methodology

·                                                             Step1

Get the students to look around the lab & identify computer devices

Devices that can be attached to the computer system

Show the power point presentation to the students

·                                                             Step 2

Divide the class into 4 groups

Request the students to study the device.

·                                                             Step 3

Allocate four corner of the classroom for input, output, storage device and processor

Get each group to simulate the devices

Encourage the groups

Highlights

	·        All input devices are used to input data & instruction. ·        All output devices are used to get outputs from system. ·        Some other devices are used to store data. ·        Processor is process the data into information.

 

Evaluation

Names computer devices and describe its function

Accept the specific function of the devices.

Classifies devices as input, output, storage & processor.

Justifies the answer.